Epistaxis (recurrent)
ADULT
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Emergency
If any of the following are present or suspected, please refer the patient to the emergency department (via ambulance if necessary) or follow local emergency care protocols or seek emergent medical advice if in a remote region.
Adult
EAR
- ENT conditions with associated neurological signs
- Sudden onset debilitating constant vertigo where the patient is very imbalanced (vestibular neuritis/stroke)
- Sudden onset facial weakness
- Barotrauma with sudden onset vertigo
- Foreign body
- Complicated mastoiditis/cholesteatoma or sinusitis (periorbital cellulitis, frontal sinusitis with persistent frontal headache)
- Ear canal oedema/unable to clear discharge
- Trauma
NOSE
- Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis - visual disturbance/signs, neurological signs/frontal swelling/severe unilateral or bilateral headache
- Acute nasal fracture with septal haematoma
- Unilateral facial swelling with or without dental sepsis
- Severe or persistent epistaxis
THROAT
- Airway compromise- stridor/drooling breathing difficulty/acute or sudden voice change/severe odynophagia
- Ludwig's angina
- Acute tonsillitis with airway obstruction and/or unable to tolerate oral intake and/or uncontrolled fever
- Tonsillar haemorrhage
- Acute hoarseness associated with neck trauma or surgery
- Laryngeal obstruction and/or fracture
- Pharyngeal/laryngeal foreign body
- Accidental dislodgement or obstruction of permanent tracheostomy
- New onset of bleeding or shrinkage of laryngectomy stoma
- Abscess or haematoma, (e.g. peritonsillar abscess/quinsy, salivary abscess, septal or auricular haematoma, paranasal sinus pyocele) with or without associated cellulitis
- Profound dysphagia (i.e. inability to manage secretions)
- Supraglittis
Paediatric
EAR
- Foreign body
- Trauma
- New onset facial nerve palsy
- ENT conditions with associated neurological signs e.g. facial nerve palsy, profound vertigo and/or sudden deterioration in sensorineural hearing
- Acute and/or complicated mastoiditis
- Otitis externa with uncontrolled pain and/or cellulitis extending beyond the ear canal and/or ear canal is swollen shut
- Auricular haematoma
- Any suspicions of the complications of ASOM i.e. Mastoiditis (proptosis of pinna), meningitis etc
NOSE
- Foreign body (button batteries)
- Trauma with other associated injuries i.e. other facial fractures e.g. orbit
- Periorbital cellulitis with or without swelling with or without sinusitis
- Severe or persistent epistaxis
- Septal haematoma
THROAT
- Foreign body (button batteries – inhaled or ingested). if suspicion of button battery immediate emergency review
- Acutely enlarging neck mass with any associated airway symptoms e.g. stridor, drooling, dysphagia etc
- Airway compromise: severe stridor/drooling/ breathing difficulty/acute, sudden voice change/ severe odynophagia
- Trauma
- Abscess or haematoma (e.g. peritonsillar, parapharyngeal (quinsy), salivary, neck or retropharyngeal abscess)
- Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage
- Hoarseness associated with neck trauma or surgery
- If new onset hoarse voice and any airway obstructive symptoms
SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING/OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNOEA
- Clinical concern regarding prolonged apnoeas, cyanosis, altered level of consciousness or significant and escalating parental concerns should prompt direct phone contact with the ENT registrar on call to discuss the case and arrange review as clinically appropriate
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Other useful information for referring practitioners Not and exhaustive list
Minimum Referral Criteria
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Category 1
(appointment within 30 calendar days)- Recurrent epistaxis with no obvious cause
- Associated change in sense of smell
- Epiphora
- Diplopia
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Category 2
(appointment within 90 calendar days)- No category 2 criteria
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Category 3
(appointment within 365 calendar days)- Recurrent epistaxis on a background of nasal trauma
Please insert the below information and minimum referral criteria into referral
1. Reason for request Indicate on the referral
- To establish a diagnosis
- For treatment or intervention
- For advice and management
- For specialist to take over management
- Reassurance for GP/second opinion
- For a specified test/investigation the GP can't order, or the patient can't afford or access
- Reassurance for the patient/family
- For other reason (e.g. rapidly accelerating disease progression)
- Clinical judgement indicates a referral for specialist review is necessary
2. Essential referral information Referral will be returned without this
- Details of previous treatment (including systemic and topical medications prescribed) including the course and outcome of the treatment
- Current medication list including any NSAIDS, aspirin or warfarin and anti-hypertensive medication
- Coagulopathy/platelet disorder screening results
3. Additional referral information Useful for processing the referral
- No additional information
4. Request
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General referral information
Patient's Demographic Details
- Full name (including aliases)
- Date of birth
- Residential and postal address
- Telephone contact number/s – home, mobile and alternative
- Medicare number (where eligible)
- Name of the parent or caregiver (if appropriate)
- Preferred language and interpreter requirements
- Identifies as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander
Referring Practitioner Details
- Full name
- Full address
- Contact details – telephone, fax, email
- Provider number
- Date of referral
- Signature
Relevant clinical information about the condition
- Presenting symptoms (evolution and duration)
- Physical findings
- Details of previous treatment (including systemic and topical medications prescribed) including the course and outcome of the treatment
- Body mass index (BMI)
- Details of any associated medical conditions which may affect the condition or its treatment (e.g. diabetes), noting these must be stable and controlled prior to referral
- Current medications and dosages
- Drug allergies
- Alcohol, tobacco and other drugs use
Reason for request
- To establish a diagnosis
- For treatment or intervention
- For advice and management
- For specialist to take over management
- Reassurance for GP/second opinion
- For a specified test/investigation the GP can't order, or the patient can't afford or access
- Reassurance for the patient/family
- For other reason (e.g. rapidly accelerating disease progression)
- Clinical judgement indicates a referral for specialist review is necessary
Clinical modifiers
- Impact on employment
- Impact on education
- Impact on home
- Impact on activities of daily living
- Impact on ability to care for others
- Impact on personal frailty or safety
- Identifies as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander
Other relevant information
- Willingness to have surgery (where surgery is a likely intervention)
- Choice to be treated as a public or private patient
- Compensable status (e.g. DVA, Work Cover, Motor Vehicle Insurance, etc.)
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Notes
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Please note that where appropriate and where available, the referral may be streamed to an associated public allied health and/or nursing service. Access to some specific services may include initial assessment and management by associated public allied health and/or nursing, which may either facilitate or negate the need to see the public medical specialist.
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A change in patient circumstance (such as condition deteriorating, or becoming pregnant) may affect the urgency categorisation and should be communicated as soon as possible.
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Please indicate in the referral if the patient is unable to access mandatory tests or investigations as they incur a cost or are unavailable locally.
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Last updated: 13 June 2023
